Ceeney is currently the head of customer standards at HSBC UK and is due to take up the role on 5 January 2015.
She will be replacing Peter Handcock who is retiring after five years as HMCTS chief executive and more than 30 years in the civil service.
Justice secretary Chris Grayling, chairman of the HMCTS, Robert Ayling, and Ministry of Justice permanent secretary, Ursula Brennan, have all welcomed her appointment.